The Narrow Corridor : States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty
Daron Acemoglu, James A. RobinsonFrom the authors of the international bestseller Why Nations Fail , a crucial new big-picture framework that answers the question of how liberty flourishes in some states but falls to authoritarianism or anarchy in others—and explains how it can continue to thrive despite new threats.
In Why Nations Fail , Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson argued that countries rise and fall based not on culture, geography, or chance, but on the power of their institutions. In their new book, they build a new theory about liberty and how to achieve it, drawing a wealth of evidence from both current affairs and disparate threads of world history.
Liberty is hardly the "natural" order of things. In most places and at most times, the strong have dominated the weak and human freedom has been quashed by force or by customs and norms. Either states have been too weak to protect individuals from these threats, or states have been too strong for people to protect themselves from despotism. Liberty emerges only when a delicate and precarious balance is struck between state and society.
There is a Western myth that political liberty is a durable construct, arrived at by a process of "enlightenment." This static view is a fantasy, the authors argue. In reality, the corridor to liberty is narrow and stays open only via a fundamental and incessant struggle between state and society: The authors look to the American Civil Rights Movement, Europe’s early and recent history, the Zapotec civilization circa 500 BCE, and Lagos’s efforts to uproot corruption and institute government accountability to illustrate what it takes to get and stay in the corridor. But they also examine Chinese imperial history, colonialism in the Pacific, India’s caste system, Saudi Arabia’s suffocating cage of norms, and the “Paper Leviathan” of many Latin American and African nations to show how countries can drift away from it, and explain the feedback loops that make liberty harder to achieve.
Today we are in the midst of a time of wrenching destabilization. We need liberty more than ever, and yet the corridor to liberty is becoming narrower and more treacherous. The danger on the horizon is not "just" the loss of our political freedom, however grim that is in itself; it is also the disintegration of the prosperity and safety that critically depend on liberty. The opposite of the corridor of liberty is the road to ruin.
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Introduction to Modern Economic Growth
Economic growth continues to be of interest largely because of the large part of humanity whose living standards are so very substantially worse than the middle-class norm of OECD countries. Economists are as interested as anyone else, whence university texts full of economists' economic growth research:-- Acemoglu, "Introduction to Modern Economic Growth" (2009)-- Aghion and Howitt, "The Economics of Growth" (2009)-- Weil, "Economic Growth" (2nd ed., 2009)As a Ph.D. economist who has resided and worked for the past thirty years in low-income areas of several continents, in countries of which the wealthiest was Egypt, "Economic Growth" is a daily interest. How does the enterprise sector relate to what attracts our attention to low-income countries in the first place: hunger, physical insecurity, abusive social relations? Does it pass these problems by, or does it alleviate them? Should interested outsiders care about "the economy" and if so what should they do? Or should they concentrate on relief, or on political reform?This review of the three texts listed above looks at them from the point of view of their usefulness in relation to this particular interest.Although Weil's undergraduate text stays away from the mathematics that dominate the other two, all three books are quite similar in that each is an encyclopedic exposition of models of aggregate growth, along with numerous factors that have been suggested to affect it. None is a monograph that states and...
Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy : economic and political origins
Daron Acemoglu, James A. Robinson, James A. Robinson
What forces lead to democracy's creation? Why does it sometimes consolidate only to collapse at other times? Written by two of the foremost authorities on this subject in the world, this volume develops a framework for analyzing the creation and consolidation of democracy. It revolutionizes scholarship on the factors underlying government and popular movements toward democracy or dictatorship. Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson argue that different social groups prefer different political institutions because of the way they allocate political power and resources. Their book, the subject of a four-day seminar at Harvard's Center for Basic Research in the Social Sciences, was also the basis for the Walras-Bowley lecture at the joint meetings of the European Economic Association and Econometric Society in 2003 and is the winner of the John Bates Clark Medal. Daron Acemoglu is Charles P. Kindleberger Professor of Applied Economics at The Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received the 2005 John Bates Clark Medal awarded by the American Economic Association as the best economist working in the United States under age 40. He is the author of the forthcoming text Introduction to Modern Economic Growth. James A. Robinson is Professor of Government at Harvard University. He is a Harvard Faculty Associate at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and a member of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research's Program on Institutions, Organizations, and...
13 Bankers : The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown
In spite of its key role in creating the ruinous financial crisis of 2008, the American banking industry has grown bigger, more profitable, and more resistant to regulation than ever. Anchored by six megabanks whose assets amount to more than 60 percent of the country’s gross domestic product, this oligarchy proved it could first hold the global economy hostage and then use its political muscle to fight off meaningful reform. __13 Bankers__ brilliantly charts the rise to power of the financial sector and forcefully argues that we must break up the big banks if we want to avoid future financial catastrophes. Updated, with new analysis of the government’s recent attempt to reform the banking industry, this is a timely and expert account of our troubled political economy.
The Economics of Inequality
Thomas Piketty, Arthur Goldhammer (Translation)
Thomas Piketty—whose Capital in the Twenty-First Century pushed inequality to the forefront of public debate—wrote The Economics of Inequality as an introduction to the conceptual and factual background necessary for interpreting changes in economic inequality over time. This concise text has established itself as an indispensable guide for students and general readers in France, where it has been regularly updated and revised. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer, The Economics of Inequality now appears in English for the first time. Piketty begins by explaining how inequality evolves and how economists measure it. In subsequent chapters, he explores variances in income and ownership of capital and the variety of policies used to reduce these gaps. Along the way, with characteristic clarity and precision, he introduces key ideas about the relationship between labor and capital, the effects of different systems of taxation, the distinction between “historical” and “political” time, the impact of education and technological change, the nature of capital markets, the role of unions, and apparent tensions between the pursuit of efficiency and the pursuit of fairness. Succinct, accessible, and authoritative, this is the ideal place to start for those who want to understand the fundamental issues at the heart of one of the most pressing concerns in contemporary economics and politics.
The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution
A New York Times Notable Book for 2011 A Globe and Mail Best Books of the Year 2011 Title A Kirkus Reviews Best Nonfiction of 2011 title Virtually all human societies were once organized tribally, yet over time most developed new political institutions which included a central state that could keep the peace and uniform laws that applied to all citizens. Some went on to create governments that were accountable to their constituents. We take these institutions for granted, but they are absent or are unable to perform in many of today's developing countries―with often disastrous consequences for the rest of the world. Francis Fukuyama, author of the bestselling The End of History and the Last Man and one of our most important political thinkers, provides a sweeping account of how today's basic political institutions developed. The first of a major two-volume work, The Origins of Political Order begins with politics among our primate ancestors and follows the story through the emergence of tribal societies, the growth of the first modern state in China, the beginning of the rule of law in India and the Middle East, and the development of political accountability in Europe up until the eve of the French Revolution. Drawing on a vast body of knowledge―history, evolutionary biology, archaeology, and economics―Fukuyama has produced a brilliant, provocative work that offers fresh insights on the origins of democratic societies and raises essential questions about the...
Macroeconomics, Global Edition
Acemoglu Daron, Laibson David, List John.
Pearson Education Limited, 2015. — 432 р. — ISBN 978-1292080635. Throughout Macroeconomics, authors Daron Acemoglu, David Laibson, and John List use real economic questions and data to help students learn about the world around them. . Taking a fresh approach, the authors use the themes of optimization, equilibrium and empiricism to illustrate the power of simple economic ideas, and their ability to explain, predict, and improve what happens in the world. Each chapter begins with an empirical question that is later answered using data in the Evidence-Based Economics feature. As a result of the text’s practical emphasis, students will learn to apply economic principles to guide the decisions they make in their own lives. I ntroduction to Economics . The Principles and Practice of Economics. Economic Methods and Economic Questions. Optimization: Doing the Best You Can. Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium. Introduction to Macroeconomics . The Wealth of Nations: Defining and Measuring Macroeconomic Aggregates. Aggregate Incomes. Long-Run Growth and Development . Economic Growth. Why Isn’t the Whole World Developed? Equilibrium in the Macroeconomy . Employment and Unemployment. Credit Markets. The Monetary System. Short-Run Fluctuations and Macroeconomic Policy . Short-Run Fluctuations. Countercyclical Macroeconomic Policy. Macroeconomics in a Global Economy . Macroeconomics and International Trade. Open Economy Macroeconomics. Endnotes. Glossary. Credits. Index.
Natural Experiments of History
Edited By Jared Diamond And James A. Robinson
Some central questions in the natural and social sciences can't be answered by controlled laboratory experiments, often considered to be the hallmark of the scientific method. This impossibility holds for any science concerned with the past. In addition, many manipulative experiments, while possible, would be considered immoral or illegal. One has to devise other methods of observing, describing, and explaining the world. In the historical disciplines, a fruitful approach has been to use natural experiments or the comparative method. This book consists of eight comparative studies drawn from history, archeology, economics, economic history, geography, and political science. The studies cover a spectrum of approaches, ranging from a non-quantitative narrative style in the early chapters to quantitative statistical analyses in the later chapters. The studies range from a simple two-way comparison of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which share the island of Hispaniola, to comparisons of 81 Pacific islands and 233 areas of India. The societies discussed are contemporary ones, literate societies of recent centuries, and non-literate past societies. Geographically, they include the United States, Mexico, Brazil, western Europe, tropical Africa, India, Siberia, Australia, New Zealand, and other Pacific islands. In an Afterword, the editors discuss how to cope with methodological problems common to these and other natural experiments of history.
Economics, Global Edition
Daron Acemoglu, David Laibson, John A. List
For courses in Principles of Economics Acemoglu, Laibson, List: An evidence-based approach to economicsThroughout Economics, authors Daron Acemoglu, David Laibson, and John List use real economic questions and data to help students learn about the world around them. Taking a fresh approach, the authors use the themes of optimization, equilibrium and empiricism to illustrate the power of simple economic ideas, and their ability to explain, predict, and improve what happens in the world. Each chapter begins with an empirical question that is later answered using data in the Evidence-Based Economics feature. As a result of the text's practical emphasis, students will learn to apply economic principles to guide the decisions they make in their own lives. MyEconLab is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment product designed to personalize learning and improve results. With a wide range of interactive, engaging, and assignable activities, students are encouraged to actively learn and retain tough course concepts. Please note that the product you are purchasing does not include MyEconLab. MyEconLab Join over 11 million students benefiting from Pearson MyLabs. This title can be supported by MyEconLab, an online homework and tutorial system designed to test and build your understanding. Would you like to use the power of MyEconLab to accelerate your learning? You need both an access card and a course ID to access MyEconLab. These are the steps you need to take: 1. Make sure...
政治发展的经济分析 : 专制和民主的经济起源
达龙.阿塞莫格鲁(Daron Acemoglu) / 詹姆士.a.罗宾逊(James A. Robinson )
序言 第一篇 问题与答案 1 政治发展的道路 1.1 英国 1.2 阿根廷 1.3 新加坡 1.4 南非 1.5 总结 2 我们的观点 2.1 民主与非民主 2.2 方法的构成要素 2.3 本书的基本情节 2.4 民主化理论 2.5 民主的巩固 2.6 民主的决定因素 2.7 政治身份和冲突的性质 2.8 图示 2.9 本书概览 3 关于民主我们知道什么? 3.1 度量民主 3.2 民主的模式 3.3 民主、不平等和再分配 3.4 危机与民主 3.5 社会动荡与民主化 3.6 文献 3.7 我们的贡献 第二篇 构造政治模型 4 民主政治 4.1 引言 4.2 加总个人偏好 4.3 单峰偏好和中位选民定理 4.4 我们的基本模型 4.5 民主与政治平等 4.6 结论 5 非民主政治 5.1 引言 5.2 非民主政治中的权力与约束 5.3 建立关于非民主中的偏好和约束的模型 5.4 承诺问题 5.5 一个简单的诺言博弈 5.6 一个动态模型 5.7 激励兼容的承诺 5.8 结论 第三篇 民主的创立和巩固 6 民主化 6.1 引言 6.2 政治制度的作用 6.3 对政治制度的偏好 6.4 政治权力和制度 6.5 一个静态的民主化模型 6.6 民主化还是镇压? 6.7 一个动态的民主化模型 6.8 子博弈完美均衡 6.9 其他的政治身份 6.10 有针对性的转移支付 6.11 权贵在民主中的权力 6.12 对体制的意识形态偏好 6.13 民主化图示 6.14 均衡革命 6.15 结论 7 政变和巩固 7.1 引言 7.2 政变的动力 7.3 一个静态的政变模型 7.4 一个动态的民主创建及巩固的模型 7.5 其他的政治身份 7.6 有针对性的转移支付 7.7 民主和政变中的权力 7.8 图示巩固 7.9 防御性的政变 7.10 结论 第四篇 运行模型 8 中产阶级的作用 8.1 引言 8.2 三阶级模型 8.3 不完全民主的出现 8.4 从不完全民主到完全民主 8.5 镇压:中产阶级作为缓冲器 8.6 镇压:温和路线者与强硬路线者 8.7 中产阶级在民主巩固中的作用 8.8 结论 9 经济结构与民主 9.1 引言 9.2 经济结构和收入分配 9.3 政治冲突 9.4 资本、土地和向民主的过渡 9.5 政变对资本和土地的成本 9.6 资本、土地和民主的负担 9.7 土地所有者和工业家之间的冲突 9.8 土地所有者、工业家和实践中的民主 9.9 经济制度 9.10 人力资本 9.11 关于政治发展的猜想 9.12 结论 10 全球化与民主 10.1 引言 10.2 一个开放经济模型 10.3 政治冲突——民主的巩固 10.4 政治冲突——向民主的过渡 10.5 金融一体化 10.6 更大程度的政治一体化 10.7 关于国际贸易性质的各种假定 10.8 结论 第五篇 结论及民主的未来 11 结论及民主的未来 11.1 再论政治发展的道路 11.2 扩展和未来研究领域 11.3 民主的未来 第六篇 附录 12 第四章 附录:民主中的权力分配 12.1 引言 12.2 概率投票模型 12.3 游说 12.4 党派政治和政治俘获 译后记 作者简介
Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy : economic and political origins
Acemoglu, Daron, Robinson, James A.
This book develops a framework for analyzing the creation and consolidation of democracy. Different social groups prefer different political institutions because of the way they allocate political power and resources. Thus democracy is preferred by the majority of citizens, but opposed by elites. Dictatorship nevertheless is not stable when citizens can threaten social disorder and revolution. In response, when the costs of repression are sufficiently high and promises of concessions are not credible, elites may be forced to create democracy. By democratizing, elites credibly transfer political power to the citizens, ensuring social stability. Democracy consolidates when elites do not have strong incentive to overthrow it. These processes depend on (1) the strength of civil society, (2) the structure of political institutions, (3) the nature of political and economic crises, (4) the level of economic inequality, (5) the structure of the economy, and (6) the form and extent of globalization.
国家为什么会失败 : 权力, 富裕与贫穷的根源 = Why nations fail : the origins of power, prosperity, and poverty
為什麼有些國家十分富裕,有些國家卻異常貧困?為什麼窮國都集中在熱帶或下撒哈拉非洲,富國都在溫帶?帶來繁榮富裕的根本原因是什麼?富裕的社會能夠一直繁榮下去嗎?一個社會的貧困與富裕,是如同《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵》所說,受到風土與物種之類地理因素的影響呢?或是受到宗教文化的影響?也許是窮國的官員想不到好的政策?作者的研究顯示,窮國之所以貧窮,不是由於命定的地理因素,也不是因為傳統文化作祟。糟糕的政策很可能不是因為執政者愚笨無知,而是他們刻意圖利支持其權力的特權菁英,代價是整體社會的利益。繁榮富裕的關鍵在於這個社會採行何種經濟制度與政治制度。一個社會若能將經濟機會與經濟利益開放給更多人分享、致力於保護個人權益,並且在政治上廣泛分配權力、建立制衡並鼓勵多元思想,作者稱為廣納型制度,國家就會邁向繁榮富裕。反之,經濟利益與政治權力若只由少數特權菁英把持,作者稱為榨取型制度,則國家必然走向衰敗,即使短期之內出現經濟成長,卻必定無法持續,因為特權階級為了保有自身利益,會利用政治權力阻礙競爭,不但犧牲多數人的利益,也不利於創新,阻礙了整體社會進步。數千年的全球史也說明,制度可以往更具廣納性的方向移動,也可能會倒退回較具榨取性的狀態,淺層的民主也可能被綁架成為實質的權貴政治。中世紀的威尼斯因為採行較廣納的政治與經濟制度而邁向富裕繁盛,反過來又帶動制度朝更加廣納的方向前進,盛極一時而稱霸地中海。但早期的菁英豪族不甘於新人輩出瓜分利益,在當時全球最先進的民主制度下反撲成功,將威尼斯快速拉往封閉的榨取方向,因而導致它逐漸衰落。作者將備受推崇的多年學術成果,化為架構完整順暢易讀的一般讀物。他們以全球史為素材,運用嚴謹的經濟學分析與政治學洞見,幾乎全面檢視歐美亞非等地的歷史發展,並提出簡潔有力的理論解釋。對於臺灣當前的內外處境,此書恰是幫助我們釐清方向的重要啟示。
國家為什麼會失敗 : 權力, 富裕與貧困的根源
經濟長久繁榮的關鍵,竟然是政治! 是要深化民主,或者向威權靠攏? 《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵》後,最具啟發性與解釋力的經典之作 克拉克獎章得主,經濟學界最耀眼的新生代大師 諾貝爾經濟學獎得主一致推薦 以截然不同的角度,重新解釋人類社會的命運 為什麼有些國家十分富裕,有些國家卻異常貧困?為什麼窮國都集中在熱帶或下撒哈拉非洲,富國都在溫帶?帶來繁榮富裕的根本原因是什麼?富裕的社會能夠一直繁榮下去嗎?一個社會的貧困與富裕,是如同《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵》所說,受到風土與物種之類地理因素的影響呢?或是受到宗教文化的影響?也許是窮國的官員想不到好的政策? 作者的研究顯示,窮國之所以貧窮,不是由於命定的地理因素,也不是因為傳統文化作祟。糟糕的政策很可能不是因為執政者愚笨無知,而是他們刻意圖利支持其權力的特權菁英,代價是整體社會的利益。繁榮富裕的關鍵在於這個社會採行何種經濟制度... 經濟長久繁榮的關鍵,竟然是政治! 是要深化民主,或者向威權靠攏? 《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵》後,最具啟發性與解釋力的經典之作 克拉克獎章得主,經濟學界最耀眼的新生代大師 諾貝爾經濟學獎得主一致推薦 以截然不同的角度,重新解釋人類社會的命運 為什麼有些國家十分富裕,有些國家卻異常貧困?為什麼窮國都集中在熱帶或下撒哈拉非洲,富國都在溫帶?帶來繁榮富裕的根本原因是什麼?富裕的社會能夠一直繁榮下去嗎?一個社會的貧困與富裕,是如同《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵》所說,受到風土與物種之類地理因素的影響呢?或是受到宗教文化的影響?也許是窮國的官員想不到好的政策? 作者的研究顯示,窮國之所以貧窮,不是由於命定的地理因素,也不是因為傳統文化作祟。糟糕的政策很可能不是因為執政者愚笨無知,而是他們刻意圖利支持其權力的特權菁英,代價是整體社會的利益。繁榮富裕的關鍵在於這個社會採行何種經濟制度與政治制度。 一個社會若能將經濟機會與經濟利益開放給更多人分享、致力於保護個人權益,並且在政治上廣泛分配權力、建立制衡並鼓勵多元思想,作者稱為廣納型制度,國家就會邁向繁榮富裕。反之,經濟利益與政治權力若只由少數特權菁英把持,作者稱為榨取型制度,則國家必然走向衰敗,即使短期之內出現經濟成長,卻必定無法持續,因為特權階級為了保有自身利益,會利用政治權力阻礙競爭,不但犧牲多數人的利益,也不利於創新,阻礙了整體社會進步。 數千年的全球史也說明,制度可以往更具廣納性的方向移動,也可能會倒退回較具榨取性的狀態,淺層的民主也可能被綁架成為實質的權貴政治。 中世紀的威尼斯因為採行較廣納的政治與經濟制度而邁向富裕繁盛,反過來又帶動制度朝更加廣納的方向前進,盛極一時而稱霸地中海。但早期的菁英豪族不甘於新人輩出瓜分利益,在當時全球最先進的民主制度下反撲成功,將威尼斯快速拉往封閉的榨取方向,因而導致它逐漸衰落。 作者將備受推崇的多年學術成果,化為架構完整順暢易讀的一般讀物。他們以全球史為素材,運用嚴謹的經濟學分析與政治學洞見,幾乎全面檢視歐美亞非等地的歷史發展,並提出簡潔有力的理論解釋。對於臺灣當前的內外處境,此書恰是幫助我們釐清方向的重要啟示。 基於十五年的原創研究,艾塞默魯與羅賓森列舉出許多精采的歷史證據,從羅馬帝國、馬雅城邦、中世紀的威尼斯、蘇聯、拉丁美洲、英國、歐洲、美國與非洲,建立了政治經濟學的嶄新理論,非常貼近當前世界關心的重大課題: ◆中國在威權統治下的經濟發展,是否能持續狂飆並超越西方國家? ◆美國的好日子是否已經到了盡頭?美國是否正從抵抗既得利益菁英擴大自己權力的良性循環,走向讓一小撮人更富有並掌控更多權力的惡性循環?反觀臺灣呢? ◆要幫助數十億貧...
国家为什么会失败= Why nations fail : the origins of power, prosperity, and poverty
德隆·阿西莫格鲁、詹姆斯·a. 罗宾逊 著,李增刚 译,徐彬 校
书签已装载, 书签制作方法请找 [email protected] 完全免费 (若有印刷不清等问题也请发送相关邮件,会尽快更新的) 《国家为什么会失败》回答了困扰专家们几个世纪的问题:为什么有的国家富、有的国家穷;国家为什么按照富裕不富裕、健康不健康、食物充足不充足来划分?是文化、天气、地理特征还是不知道正确政策? 简单说,什么都不是。没有任何一个因素是确定的或注定的。德隆·阿西莫格鲁和詹姆士·罗宾逊令人信服地表明,人为的政治和经济制度对经济成功(或经济不成功)至关重要。在15年原创性研究的基础上,作者整理了罗马帝国、玛雅城市国家、中世纪威尼斯、苏联、拉美、英格兰、欧洲、美国和非洲的大量历史证据,建立了一个跟当今社会下列重大问题高度相关的新政治经济学理论,包括: 中国会以如此快的速度持续增长吗?能够超越西方吗?美国的最好时光过去了吗?我们正在从限制精英人物扩张权力的良性循环走向使少数人致富和扩张权力的恶性循环吗?什么是帮助数十亿贫困人口走向繁荣的最有效方式呢?是来自西方富裕国家更... (展开全部)
自由的窄廊:國家與社會如何決定自由的命運
戴倫.艾塞默魯, 詹姆斯.羅賓森 [戴倫.艾塞默魯, 詹姆斯.羅賓森]
lgli/戴倫．艾塞默魯, 詹姆斯．羅賓森 [戴倫．艾塞默魯, 詹姆斯．羅賓森] - 自由的窄廊：國家與社會如何決定自由的命運 (2020, 衛城出版).epub
Why Nations Fail : The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
Daron Acemoglu; James A. Robinson
Brilliant and engagingly written, Why Nations Fail answers the question that has stumped the experts for centuries: Why are some nations rich and others poor, divided by wealth and poverty, health and sickness, food and famine? Is it culture, the weather, geography? Perhaps ignorance of what the right policies are? Simply, no. None of these factors is either definitive or destiny. Otherwise, how to explain why Botswana has become one of the fastest growing countries in the world, while other African nations, such as Zimbabwe, the Congo, and Sierra Leone, are mired in poverty and violence? Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson conclusively show that it is man-made political and economic institutions that underlie economic success (or lack of it). Korea, to take just one of their fascinating examples, is a remarkably homogeneous nation, yet the people of North Korea are among the poorest on earth while their brothers and sisters in South Korea are among the richest. The south forged a society that created incentives, rewarded innovation, and allowed everyone to participate in economic opportunities. The economic success thus spurred was sustained because the government became accountable and responsive to citizens and the great mass of people. Sadly, the people of the north have endured decades of famine, political repression, and very different economic institutions—with no end in sight. The differences between the Koreas is due to the politics that created these completely...
自由的窄廊 : 國家與社會如何決定自由的命運
Daron Acemoğlu; James A. Robinson; 劉道捷
為什麼有些國家能保障自由,有些國家卻宰割公民?還有些國家徒具形式,根本無法有效治理?自由,意謂不受他人力量宰制,無須時時生活在恐懼之中。可是,綜觀人類歷史數千年,自由十分罕見。多數時候,強者為所欲為,弱者任憑宰割。理當維持秩序的國家機器若非不存在,就是淪為壓迫的幫兇。為什麼會這樣?艾塞默魯與羅賓森教授回顧古今中外,引領讀者走訪一個又一個文明故事。從雅典城邦、阿拉伯與中東、非洲、夏威夷與大洋洲、前蘇聯、歐洲、中國與美國。兩位作者主張:國家機器強,社會更要強,互相制衡,踏入「窄廊」,自由才有保障。本書結合兩位最優秀的政治與經濟學家,奠基於多年原創研究,建構一套清晰、具體的政治經濟學模型。非常適合回應當前全球關心的重大課題:◆ 如何約束國家機器、進入通往自由的窄廊?這是西方國家的專利嗎?◆ 具有中國特色的自由,是自由嗎?專制國家締造經濟榮景後,能夠回頭保障公民自由嗎?數位極權國家崛起,會終結自由秩序嗎?◆ 國家在什麼狀況下無法繼續保障自由?國家機器失控,還是社會癱瘓國家?美國有可能成為下一個失去自由的國度嗎?臺灣呢?不折不扣的大歷史分析,民主起源論最精彩的一說。──朱敬一(中央研究院院士、特聘研究員)本書特色:民主在退潮,自由在崩壞,身處動盪的時代,馴服國家機器、保障公民自由的關鍵究竟何在?《國家為什麼會失敗》作者 跨越千年政治、經濟與歷史,解答人類歷史上最大的政治難題。 The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty
The Changing World Order: Where we are and where we're going
lgrsnf/The Changing World Order_ Where we are and - Ray Dalio.epub
Why Nations Fail : The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
Daron Acemoğlu & James A. Robinson [Acemoğlu, Daron & Robinson, James A.]
Brilliant and engagingly written, Why Nations Fail answers the question that has stumped the experts for centuries: Why are some nations rich and others poor, divided by wealth and poverty, health and sickness, food and famine? Is it culture, the weather, geography? Perhaps ignorance of what the right policies are? Simply, no. None of these factors is either definitive or destiny. Otherwise, how to explain why Botswana has become one of the fastest growing countries in the world, while other African nations, such as Zimbabwe, the Congo, and Sierra Leone, are mired in poverty and violence? Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson conclusively show that it is man-made political and economic institutions that underlie economic success (or lack of it). Korea, to take just one of their fascinating examples, is a remarkably homogeneous nation, yet the people of North Korea are among the poorest on earth while their brothers and sisters in South Korea are among the richest. The south forged a society that created incentives, rewarded innovation, and allowed everyone to participate in economic opportunities. The economic success thus spurred was sustained because the government became accountable and responsive to citizens and the great mass of people. Sadly, the people of the north have endured decades of famine, political repression, and very different economic institutions--with no end in sight. The differences between the Koreas is due to the politics that created these completely...
国家为什么会失败:权力、富裕与贫困的根源(简体中英对照)
经济长久繁荣的关键,竟然是政治!是要深化民主,或者向威权靠拢?《枪炮、病菌与钢铁》后,最具启发性与解释力的经典之作克拉克奖章得主,经济学界最耀眼的新生代大师,诺贝尔经济学奖得主一致推荐以截然不同的角度,重新解释人类社会的命运为什麽有些国家十分富裕,有些国家却异常贫困?为什麽穷国都集中在热带或下撒哈拉非洲,富国都在温带?带来繁荣富裕的根本原因是什麽?富裕的社会能够一直繁荣下去吗?一个社会的贫困与富裕,是如同《枪炮、病菌与钢铁》所说,受到风土与物种之类地理因素的影响呢?或是受到宗教文化的影响?也许是穷国的官员想不到好的政策?作者的研究显示,穷国之所以贫穷,不是由于命定的地理因素,也不是因为传统文化作祟。糟糕的政策很可能不是因为执政者愚笨无知,而是他们刻意图利支持其权力的特权菁英,代价是整体社会的利益。繁荣富裕的关键在于这个社会採行何种经济制度与政治制度。一个社会若能将经济机会与经济利益开放给更多人分享、致力于保护个人权益,并且在政治上广泛分配权力、建立制衡并鼓励多元思想,作者称为广纳型制度,国家就会迈向繁荣富裕。反之,经济利益与政治权力若只由少数特权菁英把持,作者称为榨取型制度,则国家必然走向衰败,即使短期之内出现经济成长,却必定无法持续,因为特权阶级为了保有自身利益,会利用政治权力阻碍竞争,不但牺牲多数人的利益,也不利于创新,阻碍了整体社会进步。数千年的全球史也说明,制度可以往更具广纳性的方向移动,也可能会倒退回较具榨取性的状态,浅层的民主也可能被绑架成为实质的权贵政治。中世纪的威尼斯因为採行较广纳的政治与经济制度而迈向富裕繁盛,反过来又带动制度朝更加广纳的方向前进,盛极一时而称霸地中海。但早期的菁英豪族不甘于新人辈出瓜分利益,在当时全球最先进的民主制度下反扑成功,将威尼斯快速拉往封闭的榨取方向,因而导致它逐渐衰落。作者将备受推崇的多年学术成果,化为架构完整顺畅易读的一般读物。他们以全球史为素材,运用严谨的经济学分析与政治学洞见,几乎全面检视欧美亚非等地的历史发展,并提出简洁有力的理论解释。对于台湾当前的内外处境,此书恰是帮助我们釐清方向的重要启示。基于十五年的原创研究,艾塞默鲁与罗宾森列举出许多精采的历史证据,从罗马帝国、马雅城邦、中世纪的威尼斯、苏联、拉丁美洲、英国、欧洲、美国与非洲,建立了政治经济学的崭新理论,非常贴近当前世界关心的重大课题:◆中国在威权统治下的经济发展,是否能持续狂飙并超越西方国家?◆美国的好日子是否已经到了尽头?美国是否正从抵抗既得利益菁英扩大自己权力的良性循环,走向让一小撮人更富有并掌控更多权力的恶性循环?反观台湾呢?◆要帮助数十亿贫困国家的人民脱离贫困,最有效的方式是什麽?西方富国提供更高金额的人道援助?或是从本书作者对于政治制度与经济制度的互动观察当中找到可行方法?《国家为什麽会失败》将会改变你看待世界与理解世界的方式。